Annals of International Medical and Dental Research
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) is indexed in EMBASE (Elsevier), NCBI, Index Medicus (IMSEAR), Global Index Medicus, Index Copernicus, CABI, ISMTE and Google Scholar
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) is indexed in EMBASE (Elsevier), NCBI, Index Medicus (IMSEAR), Global Index Medicus, Index Copernicus, CABI, ISMTE and Google Scholar
Hadi Zia Uddin Ahmed1,* , Sudip Das Gupta2 , Sharmin Akhter3 , Mohd Iqbal Kabir4 , Md Abdus Salam5
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 4 | July-August 2026 | Page: 1-6 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.4.1.1
Comparison Between Endoscopic and Percutaneous Approach of Obturator Nerve Block in Case of Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT)
Hadi Zia Uddin Ahmed1,* , Sudip Das Gupta2 , Sharmin Akhter3 , Mohd Iqbal Kabir4 , Md Abdus Salam5
Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer is the second most common malignancy of the genitourinary tract. During transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), stimulation of the obturator nerve, particularly in tumours located on the lateral, posterolateral, or inferolateral walls, may trigger involuntary adductor muscle contractions (“obturator jerk”), increasing the risk of bladder perforation and incomplete tumour resection. This study compared the efficacy and safety of endoscopic versus percutaneous obturator nerve block (ONB) in controlling the obturator reflex during TURBT.
Methods: This prospective quasi-experimental study was conducted from January 2017 to December 2018 in the Department of Urology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford Hospital, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, and selected private hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh and included 100 TURBT patients equally divided into two groups: Group A (endoscopic ONB) and Group B (percutaneous ONB). Outcomes—obturator jerk suppression, tumour resection completeness, bladder perforation, operative time, and local complications—were compared using the unpaired Student’s t-test and chi-square test, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
Results: Endoscopic ONB achieved higher obturator jerk suppression (86% vs. 78%), shorter operative time (56.4 ± 11.6 vs. 68.1 ± 13.2 min, P < 0.001), and fewer local site complications (0% vs. 30%, P < 0.05). No bladder perforations occurred in Group A, compared to 6% in Group B.
Conclusion: Endoscopic ONB is a safer, more efficient, and more reliable technique for minimising obturator reflex during TURBT compared to the percutaneous approach, offering improved surgical outcomes and patient safety.
Bladder cancer, TURBT, obturator nerve block, endoscopic ONB, percutaneous ONB, obturator
reflex
Md. Emdadul Haque1,* , Akman Hossain2 , Md. Hamidul Islam1 , Md. Abdul Halim1 , Mohammad Rafiqul Islam Khan3 , S k Golam Mahbub1
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 4 | July-August 2026 | Page: 7-14 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.4.2
Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Posterior Wall Acetabular Fractures Fixed with Reconstruction Plates Augmented by Spring Plates or Screws: A Prospective Study at NITOR
Md. Emdadul Haque1,* , Akman Hossain2 , Md. Hamidul Islam1 , Md. Abdul Halim1 , Mohammad Rafiqul Islam Khan3 , S k Golam Mahbub1
Abstract
Background: Posterior wall acetabular fractures are complex high-energy injuries that require stable fixation to restore hip congruity and prevent long-term disability. Comparative evidence on the use of reconstruction plates augmented with spring plates or screws remains limited in Bangladesh.
Aim of the study: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, functional, and radiological outcomes of posterior wall acetabular fractures treated with reconstruction plates augmented by either spring plates or screws.
Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at NITOR, Dhaka, from February 2024 to February 2026. A total of 25 patients aged 18–64 years with posterior wall acetabular fractures treated by ORIF through the Kocher-Langenbeck approach using reconstruction plates augmented by either spring plates or screws were included. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Harris Hip Score, VAS pain score, and hip range of motion, while radiological union and complications were evaluated during follow-up. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 37.8 ± 11.5 years, and 80.0% were male. Road traffic accident was the main cause of injury (76.0%), and isolated posterior wall fracture was the commonest pattern (72.0%). The mean Harris Hip Score improved from 56.8 ± 7.2 at 6 weeks to 86.7 ± 8.9 at final follow-up, while the VAS pain score decreased from 4.9 ± 1.2 to 1.6 ± 1.1. Overall, 76.0% achieved excellent or good functional outcomes, with similar results between the spring plate and screw augmentation groups (76.9% vs 75.0%; P = 1.000). Fracture union was achieved in 96.0%, with post-traumatic arthritis in 16.0%, heterotopic ossification in 20.0%, and no conversion to total hip arthroplasty.
Conclusion: Posterior wall acetabular fractures treated with reconstruction plates augmented by spring plates or screws showed satisfactory functional and radiological outcomes, with comparable results between fixation methods.
Posterior wall acetabular fracture, reconstruction plate, spring plate, screw augmentation, Harris
Hip Score
Mushtab Shira Mousumi1,* , A.B.M Mukib2 , Sk. Masiur Rahman3 , Romana Akter Happy4 , SK Azimul Haque1
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 4 | July-August 2026 | Page: 15-22 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.4.3
Serum Sodium Changes and Adverse Effect Profile of Carbamazepine Versus Oxcarbazepine in Pediatric Focal Epilepsy: A Randomized Comparative Study
Mushtab Shira Mousumi1,* , A.B.M Mukib2 , Sk. Masiur Rahman3 , Romana Akter Happy4 , SK Azimul Haque1
Abstract
Background: Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are commonly used antiseizure medications for pediatric focal epilepsy. Both drugs may alter serum sodium levels and cause adverse effects, but comparative pediatric data, particularly from South Asian settings, remain limited.
Objective: To compare serum sodium changes and adverse-effect profiles of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine in children with focal epilepsy.
Methods: This prospective, single-center, randomized comparative study was conducted in the Department of Paediatric Neurology, National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, from January 2020 to June 2020. Children aged 1 to 15 years with newly diagnosed focal epilepsy were randomized to receive either carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine. Serum sodium levels were measured at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment initiation. Development of hyponatremia, defined as serum sodium ≤135 mEq/L, and adverse effects were assessed during follow-up. Data from 86 children were analyzed, including 42 in the carbamazepine group and 44 in the oxcarbazepine group.
Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Mean serum sodium did not differ significantly at baseline, 136.73 ± 1.66 mmol/L with carbamazepine versus 136.09 ± 2.54 mmol/L with oxcarbazepine, P = .158, or at 1 month, P = .845. At 3 months, serum sodium was significantly lower in the oxcarbazepine group, 137.15 ± 2.49 versus 138.22 ± 2.24 mmol/L, P = .036. This difference persisted at 6 months, 137.56 ± 2.54 versus 138.95 ± 2.20 mmol/L, P = .006. Hyponatremia at 6 months occurred in 15.9% of oxcarbazepine-treated children and 4.7% of carbamazepine-treated children, P = .079. Any adverse reaction occurred in 43.1% and 33.3% of the oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine groups, respectively, P = .382. Anorexia was significantly more frequent with oxcarbazepine, 22.7% versus 0.0%, P = .001. No treatment-related death or hospitalization occurred.
Conclusion: Oxcarbazepine was associated with lower mean serum sodium than carbamazepine during follow-up, although categorical hyponatremia did not differ significantly. Both drugs were generally tolerated, but serum sodium and adverse-effect monitoring remain important during pediatric focal epilepsy treatment.
Carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, pediatric focal epilepsy, hyponatremia, adverse effects
Correlation of USG Guided FNAC with Histopathology in Diagnosing Salivary Gland Swelling
Prodip Kumar Biswas* , Shafiqur Rahman Siddiqui Russel , Mohammad Walyullah , Nazmus Sakib , Md. Jakaria Maksud , Imtiaz Ahmad Khan
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 4 | July-August 2026 | Page: 23-28 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.4.4
Correlation of USG Guided FNAC with Histopathology in Diagnosing Salivary Gland Swelling
Prodip Kumar Biswas* , Shafiqur Rahman Siddiqui Russel , Mohammad Walyullah , Nazmus Sakib , Md. Jakaria Maksud , Imtiaz Ahmad Khan
Abstract
Introduction: Salivary gland swellings represent a heterogeneous group of lesions ranging from inflammatory conditions to benign and malignant neoplasms, often posing diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinical features. Ultrasonography (USG)-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has emerged as a minimally invasive, cost-effective, and widely used diagnostic modality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between USG-guided FNAC and histopathological findings in diagnosing salivary gland swellings.
Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Otolaryngology Head and neck surgery, Specialized ENT Hospital of SAHIC, from April 2025 to March 2026, including 72 patients presenting with salivary gland swellings. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS version 26.0, and the correlation between FNAC and histopathology was assessed using the Chi-square test, with P < 0.05.
Result: The study included 72 patients, predominantly middle-aged (mean age 46.2 ± 14.8 years) with slight male predominance (55.6%), and the parotid gland was the most commonly affected site (66.7%). FNAC findings showed 50.0% benign, 30.6% non-neoplastic, and 19.4% malignant lesions, which were closely comparable to histopathology results (52.8% benign, 27.8% non-neoplastic, 19.4% malignant). A high concordance rate of 86.1% was observed between FNAC and histopathology, with a statistically significant correlation (P < 0.001). FNAC demonstrated good diagnostic performance with sensitivity of 78.6%, specificity of 93.1%, and overall accuracy of 90.3%.
Conclusion: USG-guided fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is one of the easiest and most accurate preoperative diagnostic methods to determine the nature of salivary gland swellings. According to the results, the overall agreement rate of FNAC with histopathology was quite high at 86.1%, which was statistically a significant finding (P < 0.001). FNAC also proved to have notable diagnostic properties, such as high specificity (93.1%), quite decent sensitivity (78.6%), and an overall accuracy in identifying malignancy of 90.3%.
treatment.
Salivary gland, histopathology, FNAC
Md. Raisul Islam1,* , Md. Imtiazul Islam2 , Mehedi Hasan3
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 4 | July-August 2026 | Page: 29-35 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.4.5
Anti-dsDNA Response After Pulse Cyclophosphamide Therapy, with Early Proteinuria Trend as a Secondary Finding
Md. Raisul Islam1,* , Md. Imtiazul Islam2 , Mehedi Hasan3
Abstract
Background: Lupus nephritis is a major renal manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus and requires close monitoring of immunological and urinary response after induction therapy. Anti-dsDNA level and proteinuria are commonly used markers of disease activity and treatment response in routine clinical practice.
Objective: To assess anti-dsDNA response after pulse cyclophosphamide therapy among patients with lupus nephritis, with early proteinuria trend as a secondary finding.
Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College & Hospital from July to December 2025 among 34 patients with lupus nephritis or SLE-related renal syndrome receiving pulse cyclophosphamide therapy. Clinical features, anti-dsDNA levels, and proteinuria grades were analyzed. Data were expressed as frequency, percentage, median, and interquartile range, with paired non-parametric tests used for analysis. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The median age was 28.0 years, IQR 24.0 to 32.0. Lupus nephritis was explicitly documented in 32 patients, 94.1%. Median anti-dsDNA decreased from 340.0, IQR 189.0 to 800.0, at baseline to 96.0, IQR 65.0 to 141.5, at 6 months. The median absolute reduction was 233.0, IQR 95.0 to 562.0, and the median percentage reduction was 66.5%, IQR 54.8% to 81.2%. All patients showed some anti-dsDNA reduction, and 28 patients, 82.4%, achieved at least 50% reduction, P <0.001. Median proteinuria grade declined from 2.0 at baseline to 1.0 at 1 month and 2 months. At 2 months, 33 patients, 97.1%, achieved at least one-grade improvement, and 30 patients, 88.2%, had proteinuria grade + or less, P <0.001.
Conclusion: Pulse cyclophosphamide therapy was associated with significant anti-dsDNA reduction and early proteinuria improvement in patients with lupus nephritis.
Lupus nephritis, anti-dsDNA, cyclophosphamide, proteinuria, treatment response
Shariful Islam Bhuiyan1,* , Mahfuza Akter1 , Taiaba Sultana2
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 4 | July-August 2026 | Page: 36-42 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.4.6
Evaluation of Anterior Segment Biometric Changes After Phacoemulsification Surgery with Intraocular Lens Implantation Measured with A-Scan Biometry
Shariful Islam Bhuiyan1,* , Mahfuza Akter1 , Taiaba Sultana2
Abstract
Background: Cataract is one of the most common preventable causes of blindness in the world, and the gold standard surgical treatment is phacoemulsification (PHACO) with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. This study aimed to assess the changes in anterior segment biometry, particularly ACD, before and after PHACO with IOL, using A-scan biometry.
Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at Mugda Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from July 2024 to December 2025. 100 patients who had uncomplicated PHACO with PCIOL implantation were enrolled. The A-scan ultrasonic biometer was used to measure ACD at baseline (preoperative) and on the 7th postoperative day (POD) and at one month postoperatively. Data were entered and analyzed on SPSS version 26.
Results: The mean age was 61.8 ± 8.7 years, and 56% were male. Age-related cataract was the commonest diagnosis, 62%. Mean ACD increased significantly from 2.92 ± 0.28 mm preoperatively to 3.54 ± 0.31 mm on the 7th POD and 3.58 ± 0.30 mm at one month. The mean increases were 0.62 mm and 0.66 mm, respectively, both statistically significant, P < 0.001.
Conclusions: PHACO, along with IOL, results in a clinically and statistically significant deepening of the ACD, especially in patients with shallow preoperative ACD. These biometric changes are well monitored by A-scan ultrasonic biometry.
Anterior chamber depth, phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, A-scan biometry,
cataract surgery
Roxadustat Versus Daprodustat for Management of Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
Muhammad Abul Hasnat* , Samir Kumar Hore , Muntasir Mamun , Emran Hossain
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 4 | July-August 2026 | Page: 43-49 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.4.7
Roxadustat Versus Daprodustat for Management of Anaemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
Muhammad Abul Hasnat* , Samir Kumar Hore , Muntasir Mamun , Emran Hossain
Abstract
Introduction: Anaemia is a frequent complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that significantly impacts morbidity, quality of life, and cardiovascular outcomes. Roxadustat and daprodustat, both hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs), have emerged as promising oral therapies for its management. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of roxadustat versus daprodustat in patients with CKD-associated anaemia.
Methods: This randomized, open-label, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Nephrology at TMSS Medical College & Rafatullah Community Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh, between January 2024 and August 2025. A total of 104 adult patients with CKD stages 3–5 and anaemia were enrolled and randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive either roxadustat (n = 52) or daprodustat (n = 52). Data were analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0.
Result: Both groups showed significant improvement in haemoglobin levels over 12 weeks; however, the increase was significantly greater with roxadustat (2.10 ± 1.10 g/dL) than with daprodustat (1.90 ± 1.02 g/dL; P = 0.04). Target haemoglobin levels (10–12 g/dL) were achieved by 78.8% of patients in the roxadustat group and 71.2% in the daprodustat group. Roxadustat also produced a greater reduction in ferritin levels (–50 ± 80 vs –35 ± 75 ng/mL; P = 0.01), while improvements in TSAT were comparable between groups.
Conclusion: Roxadustat and daprodustat were both efficient and safe therapies for anaemia in CKD patients, causing a substantial rise in haemoglobin levels and iron metabolism indices. Still, roxadustat showed a slightly but statistically significantly better result in haemoglobin increment and ferritin decrement when compared to daprodustat, while having a safety profile in line with it. Such results imply that these medications are good therapeutic solutions for anaemia in CKD, roxadustat perhaps giving better efficacy in anaemia correction and iron utilization.
Roxadustat, daprodustat, anaemia, chronic kidney disease
Hema Sanjeed1,* , Shahana Begum2 , Mohammad Saljar Hossain3
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 4 | July-August 2026 | Page: 50-55 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.4.8
Oral Clomiphene vs. Injectable Gonadotropins in Ovulation Induction: A Comparative Study of Efficacy and Outcomes
Hema Sanjeed1,* , Shahana Begum2 , Mohammad Saljar Hossain3
Abstract
Introduction: Infertility affects a significant proportion of couples worldwide, with anovulatory disorders being a leading cause among women. Ovulation induction remains a cornerstone of treatment, with oral clomiphene citrate commonly used as a first-line agent due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and favorable safety profile. Injectable gonadotropins, including FSH and hMG, are reserved for patients who do not respond to clomiphene or require higher efficacy. This study aimed to compare oral clomiphene citrate and injectable gonadotropins for ovulation induction.
Methods: This prospective comparative study was conducted at 250 Bed General Hospital, Noakhali, Bangladesh, from January to December 2025, including 68 infertile women aged 20–35 years with anovulatory cycles or PCOS. Participants were equally divided into two groups: Group A received oral clomiphene citrate (50–100 mg/day for 5 days) starting on day 2–5 of the menstrual cycle, and Group B received injectable gonadotropins (FSH or hMG) with individualized dosing. Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 25.
Result: Among 68 women, baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Gonadotropins achieved higher ovulation (85.3% vs. 67.6%, P = 0.04), more mature follicles (2.3 ± 0.9 vs. 1.4 ± 0.6, P < 0.001), and thicker endometrium (9.1 ± 1.4 mm vs. 7.6 ± 1.2 mm, P < 0.001) than clomiphene. Pregnancy rates were higher with gonadotropins (clinical 35.3% vs. 20.6%), though not statistically significant. Gonadotropin cycles required longer stimulation and more monitoring, with increased complications including multiple follicles, OHSS, and multiple pregnancies (32.4% vs. 11.8%). Overall, gonadotropins were more effective but had a greater treatment burden and risk.
Conclusion: Injectable gonadotropins showed superior ovulation and pregnancy outcomes compared to oral clomiphene citrate, with enhanced follicular development and thicker endometrium. However, this increased efficacy came with more complex treatment, additional monitoring, and a higher risk of complications.
Clomiphene, gonadotropins, ovulation induction, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
Vibhu Ranjan Sahni1, Kapil Goyal2, Naveen kumar kushwaha1, Sunny Malik3,*
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 4 | July-August 2026 | Page: 56-64 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.4.9
A Resource-Conscious Approach to Oral Cavity Reconstruction: Experience with the Island Nasolabial Flap
Vibhu Ranjan Sahni1, Kapil Goyal2, Naveen kumar kushwaha1, Sunny Malik3,*
Abstract
Background: Reconstruction of oral cavity defects following cancer resection should restore function while remaining practical and cost-effective. The island nasolabial flap (INLF) represents a resource-conscious locoregional reconstructive option for selected oral cavity defects. This study evaluates our institutional experience with its use in oral cavity cancer reconstruction.
Methods: A retrospective review was performed of 12 consecutive patients who underwent immediate INLF reconstruction following oral cavity cancer resection between April 2025 and March 2026. Demographic, operative, postoperative, complication, and functional outcome data, including University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire version 4 (UW-QOL v4) scores, were analyzed.
Results: The tongue was the commonest primary site (41.7%). Mean operative time was 198 minutes, median time to oral feeding was 3 days, and mean hospital stay was 5 days. Complete flap survival was achieved in 11 patients (91.7%). One patient developed complete flap failure due to venous congestion and underwent successful salvage with a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. Two patients developed marginal flap necrosis managed conservatively. Most patients achieved satisfactory speech, swallowing, and esthetic outcomes without significant donor-site morbidity.
Conclusion: The island nasolabial flap is a reliable, versatile, and resource-conscious reconstructive option for selected small- to moderate-sized oral cavity defects, providing satisfactory functional and esthetic outcomes with low morbidity and short hospital stay.
ations.
Island nasolabial flap, oral cavity cancer, tongue reconstruction, locoregional flap, head and neck
reconstruction, oral cavity defects
Kuldip Singh1,* , Ravneet Kaur2 , Sarabjot Singh Anant3
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 4 | July-August 2026 | Page: 65-72 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.4.10
Studies on the Effect of Serum Prolidase Enzyme Activity and Certain Oxidative Stress Markers in Uncontrolled Diabetic Patients of North West Indian Population
Kuldip Singh1,* , Ravneet Kaur2 , Sarabjot Singh Anant3
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is a worldwide metabolic disease with high morbidity and mortality rates resulting from a number of factors in which an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin or its function occurs. It has emerged as a major public health problem in developing countries like India. The association of oxidative stress and serum prolidase activity has been reported in many chronic diseases.
Aim: A study was performed to evaluate serum prolidase enzyme activity and certain oxidative stress markers in young uncontrolled diabetic patients.
Materials & Methods: 100 Type-2 diabetic confirmed patients with duration of diabetes ranged from 6–9 years and equal number (n = 100) of healthy subjects of Punjab origin were recruited in the present study. Fasting blood samples from both study and healthy control subjects were collected for the evaluation of serum prolidase activity and oxidative stress marks like total antioxidant status, total oxidative status, and oxidative stress index levels.
Results: A significant fall in serum prolidase and total antioxidant status was observed in type-2 diabetic patients while a significant increased in total oxidative status, oxidative stress index levels were recorded in diabetic patient’s w.r.t. healthy control subjects. Serum prolidase activity was negatively correlated with serum total oxidative status and oxidative stress index levels.
Conclusion: Aforementioned observations of significantly increase in total oxidant status (P < 0.01) and oxidative stress index levels (P < 0.001) while a significant (P < 0.05) fall in total antioxidant status levels suggested a continuous increase in oxidative stress with increase in duration of the disease. Moreover, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in prolidase activity in uncontrolled diabetic patients could be due to decreased collagen turnover, might be used as biomarkers for the prediction and diagnosis of diabetes.
Uncontrolled diabetes, prolidase, Oxidative Status (OS), Body Mass Index (BMI), Total Antioxidant Status (TAS), Total Oxidative Status (TOS)
