Annals of International Medical and Dental Research
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Rabeya Siddika Turin1,*, Fatema Sharmin1, Shahrin Ahmed2, Ambia Afza3, G.M. Rubel1, Taslema Chowdhury Deepa1
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 1-9 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.1
Incidence and Predictors of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Rabeya Siddika Turin1,*, Fatema Sharmin1, Shahrin Ahmed2, Ambia Afza3, G.M. Rubel1, Taslema Chowdhury Deepa1
Abstract
Background: Experiencing nausea and vomiting after surgery, known as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), is a frequent and troubling issue following procedures involving general anesthesia. This condition impacts patient comfort, recovery, ability to eat, movement, and readiness for discharge.
Aim of the Study: The aim of this research was to evaluate the occurrence of PONV during the initial 24 h following general anesthesia and to determine the predictors linked to it in patients who have undergone surgery.
Methods: This analytical investigation utilized a cross-sectional framework and included 350 adult patients who received either elective or emergency surgeries under general anesthesia at the Department of Anesthesia, Bangladesh Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from October 2024 to December 2025. Information was acquired utilizing a standardized data sheet that contained demographic, clinical, surgical, anesthetic, and postoperative factors. The major outcome monitored was PONV, characterized by nausea, retching, or vomiting occurring within 24 hours post-surgery. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test, along with multivariable logistic regression, with a P-value of less than 0.05 indicating statistical significance.
Results: Among 350 patients, the mean age was 39.2 ± 13.4 years, and 192 (54.9%) were male. Within the first 24 hours, 112 cases of PONV were recorded, representing 32.0% of the total. Nausea occurred in 104 (29.7%) patients, while vomiting occurred in 56 (16.0%). The highest frequency of PONV was observed during the 2–6 h postoperative period (76, 21.7%). Rescue antiemetics were required in 85 (24.3%) patients, and delayed discharge occurred in 18 (5.1%) patients. On multivariable logistic regression, independent predictors of PONV were previous PONV or motion sickness (AOR 3.72, 95% CI 2.05–6.75, P < 0.001), postoperative opioid use (AOR 2.31, P = 0.006), female sex (AOR 2.20, P = 0.004), absence of antiemetic prophylaxis (AOR 2.16, P = 0.006), pain score >3 (AOR 1.98, P = 0.020), duration of surgery >60 minutes (AOR 1.92, P = 0.022), laparoscopic surgery (AOR 1.86, P = 0.034), and non-smoker/ex-smoker status (AOR 1.84, P = 0.046).
Conclusion: PONV occurred in 32.0% of patients within 24 hours after general anesthesia. Important factors predicting the outcome were being female, not smoking, having a history of PONV or motion sickness, undergoing laparoscopic or lengthy surgery, using opioids after surgery, not receiving antiemetic prevention, and experiencing higher levels of pain. Risk-based prophylaxis and opioid-sparing analgesia may improve recovery.
safety.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting, general anesthesia, antiemetic prophylaxis, postoperative
recovery
Nusrat Islam1,*, Md. Rafiqul Hasan Khan2, Kazi Rafsan1, Ahmed Nashin1, Bedhan Chandra Saha1
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 10-17 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.2
Comparison between Oral Clonidine and Oral Gabapentin as Pre-Emptive Analgesic on Reducing Post Operative Analgesic Requirement in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Nusrat Islam1,*, Md. Rafiqul Hasan Khan2, Kazi Rafsan1, Ahmed Nashin1, Bedhan Chandra Saha1
Abstract
Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is commonly associated with significant postoperative pain, which requires effective analgesic strategies to enhance patient comfort and recovery. Multimodal preemptive analgesia using adjuvant drugs such as clonidine and gabapentin has gained increasing attention for improving postoperative pain control and reducing opioid consumption. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the efficacy of oral clonidine and oral gabapentin in attenuating postoperative pain and analgesic requirements in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia.
Methods: This randomized controlled, double-blind investigation was carried out in the Department of Anesthesiology at Bangladesh Medical College Hospital (BMCH) in Dhaka, from April 2022 to September 2022. A total of 60 individuals diagnosed with cholelithiasis scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia were randomly divided into two equal cohorts (n = 30 each): Group C was administered oral clonidine at a dosage of 100 μg, whereas Group G was given oral gabapentin at a dosage of 600 mg.
Result: Baseline characteristics including age (34.5 ± 4.43 vs 35.4 ± 5.02 years, P = 0.72), sex (P = 0.41), weight (70.87 ± 12.66 vs 72.67 ± 14.01 kg, P = 0.44), and ASA status (P = 0.83) were comparable between Group C (clonidine) and Group G (gabapentin). Postoperative VAS scores were significantly lower in Group G at 8 hours and higher in Group C at 12 hours, with no differences at 4 and 24 hours. Gabapentin significantly prolonged the time to first analgesic requirement and reduced total analgesic consumption compared to clonidine (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively).
Conclusion: The paper at hand shows that pre-emptive Gabapentin enhances and extends the duration of analgesia after surgery by postponing the time of the first dose of analgesic and lowering the amount of analgesic taken, without any harmful changes in haemodynamic status and no side effects against Clonidine, when administered 1 hour before the surgery.
safety.
Clonidine, gabapentin, laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Farhana Rahman1,*, Sarwar Mahboob2, Mohammad Mozammal Huq3, Md. Saiful Islam2
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 18-25 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.3
Diabetes Mellitus and Elevated Preoperative Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Surgically Treated Endometrial Cancer: An Exploratory Analysis from a Tertiary Cancer Center in Bangladesh
Farhana Rahman1,*, Sarwar Mahboob2, Mohammad Mozammal Huq3, Md. Saiful Islam2
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is an established metabolic risk factor for endometrial cancer and may influence tumor behavior through hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and chronic low-grade inflammation. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived from routine complete blood count, is a simple marker of systemic inflammatory response and has been studied as a prognostic biomarker in endometrial cancer. The study aimed to assess the relationship between diabetes mellitus and elevated preoperative NLR in surgically treated endometrial cancer patients at a tertiary cancer center in Bangladesh.
Methods & Materials: This exploratory cross-sectional study included 31 histologically confirmed endometrial cancer patients who underwent primary surgery at the Department of Gynecological Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, between January and December 2020. Diabetes mellitus was recorded as a known clinical comorbidity. Preoperative NLR was calculated from the complete blood count and categorized as low (< 2.4) or high (2.4–20.0).
Results: Among 31 patients, 14, 45.2%, had elevated preoperative NLR. Diabetes mellitus was present in 16 patients, 51.6%. High NLR was more frequent among patients with diabetes mellitus than among non-diabetic patients, 62.5% versus 26.7%, respectively, although this difference did not reach conventional statistical significance on Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.073. In exploratory multivariable analysis, diabetes mellitus was the only variable significantly associated with high NLR, with a reported OR of 7.40, 95% CI 3.79 to 71.76, P = 0.001.
Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus was associated with a higher frequency of elevated preoperative NLR among surgically treated endometrial cancer patients, and remained significant in exploratory multivariable analysis.
safety.
Endometrial cancer, diabetes mellitus, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, systemic inflammation
Habiba Siddiqua Foara1, Fahima Zaman2, Nargis Akhter2
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 26-33 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.4
Diagnostic Performance of Colposcopy in Detecting CIN2+ Cervical Lesions Compared with Histopathology Following LEEP: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Habiba Siddiqua Foara1, Fahima Zaman2, Nargis Akhter2
Abstract
Introduction: Cervical cancer typically arises from identifiable precancerous lesions, making the precise detection of clinically relevant CIN2+ lesions crucial for suitable therapy. Colposcopy is extensively employed for assessing screen-positive or clinically concerning cervical lesions, although its diagnostic efficacy differs across various environments.
Aim of the Study: The aim of this research was to assess the diagnostic efficacy of colposcopy in identifying CIN2+ cervical lesions in comparison to histopathological analysis post-LEEP.
Methods & Materials: This prospective observational study on diagnostic accuracy was carried out at a 250-bed general hospital in Jashore, Bangladesh, spanning six months from July 2025 to December 2025. A cohort of 100 women who received colposcopic assessment prior to LEEP was incorporated. The colposcopic assessment was classified as normal/benign, low-grade lesion/CIN1, high-grade lesion/CIN2-CIN3, or potentially invasive cancer. For diagnostic evaluation, high-grade lesions/CIN2-CIN3 and questionable invasive cancer were categorized as colposcopy CIN2+ positive. Histopathological examination following LEEP was deemed the benchmark, with CIN2, CIN3, and invasive cancer categorized as the presence of histopathological CIN2+. The calculations for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy were performed.
Results: Out of 100 patients, colposcopy identified 63.0% as CIN2+ positive, but histopathology validated CIN2+ disease in 8.0%. The diagnostic table indicated 7 true positives, 56 false positives, 1 false negative, and 36 true negatives. Colposcopy exhibited a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 39.1%, positive predictive value of 11.1%, negative predictive value of 97.3%, and diagnostic accuracy of 43.0%.
Conclusion: Colposcopy demonstrated elevated sensitivity and substantial negative predictive value for identifying CIN2+ lesions, indicating effective rule-out capability. Nevertheless, diminished specificity and low positive predictive value suggest that affirmative colposcopic evaluations often exaggerate the presence of CIN2+ pathology and necessitate validation through histopathological examination post-LEEP.
LEEP, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, histopathology, colposcopy, CIN2+
Evaluation of the Outcomes of Trabeculectomy Using MMC with Modified Moorfields Safe Surgery System
Mohammed Shariful Islam Bhuiyan1,*, Mahfuza Akter2, Taiaba Sultana2
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 34-39 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.5
Evaluation of the Outcomes of Trabeculectomy Using MMC with Modified Moorfields Safe Surgery System
Mohammed Shariful Islam Bhuiyan1,*, Mahfuza Akter2, Taiaba Sultana2
Abstract
Introduction: Glaucoma is a chronic, progressive eye disease that damages the optic nerve through loss of retinal ganglion cells. It is among the top causes of blindness that can still be prevented. Use of Mitomycin-C (MMC) has led to better surgical outcomes by inhibiting scar tissue formation under the conjunctiva. However, the modified Moorfields Safe Surgery System has improved the risk-benefit ratio of trabeculectomy by using standardized, tissue-sparing surgical techniques and achieving consistently well-formed blebs. This study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of trabeculectomy with Mitomycin-C using the modified Moorfields Safe Surgery System in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and primary angle-closure glaucoma.
Methods & Materials: This prospective interventional investigation, executed throughout a two-year timeframe from January 2024 to December 2025, occurred in the Department of Ophthalmology at Mugda Medical College Hospital, positioned on Haji Kadam Ali Road in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The investigation included 100 subjects, each having one eye diagnosed with either primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). The information obtained was assessed with version 16.0 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows.
Result: The mean exhibited a significant decline, decreasing from 28.4 ± 5.3 mmHg prior to surgery to 15.1 ± 2.9 mmHg after 12 months, indicating a 46.8% reduction. Visual acuity remained consistent in 74.0% of the subjects, whilst 18.0% exhibited enhancements. Diffuse functional blebs were observed in 81.0% of the eyes, while 77.0% of patients experienced no surgical sequelae. Total surgical success was noted in 76.0% of instances, with a further 15.0% attaining qualified success, resulting in an aggregate success rate of 91.0% after one year.
Conclusion: Employing Moorfields Safe Surgery System, trabeculectomy with Mitomycin-C has been recognized as a dependable and efficacious surgical method for treating glaucoma. The treatment attained an impressive success rate of 91.0%, with most patients preserving their visual clarity. The majority of eyes exhibited diffuse functioning blebs, with surgical problems being rare and typically well-managed.
Trabeculectomy, modified moorfields safe surgery, primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angleclosure
glaucoma
Fatema Sharmin1,*, Rabeya Siddika Turin1, Kazi Parves Alam2, Ambia Afza3, Shamima Nasrin4, Taslema Chowdhury Deepa1
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 40-48 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.6
Patterns and Effectiveness of Postoperative Pain Management in Elective Abdominal Surgeries: A Prospective Observational Study
Fatema Sharmin1,*, Rabeya Siddika Turin1, Kazi Parves Alam2, Ambia Afza3, Shamima Nasrin4, Taslema Chowdhury Deepa1
Abstract
Background: Postoperative pain is a frequent concern after elective abdominal surgery and may affect recovery, increase adverse effects, and lower patient satisfaction. In Bangladesh, data on real-world postoperative pain management remain limited.
Aim of the Study: This study aimed to evaluate postoperative pain management in patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery.
Methods & Materials: This prospective observational study included 220 adult patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery at the Department of Anaesthesiology, Bangladesh Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, over 1 year from January 2024 to December 2024. Patients were enrolled consecutively after informed consent, and relevant perioperative and analgesic data were collected using a structured data sheet. Postoperative pain was assessed by a numeric rating scale at immediate recovery and at 2, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS version 26.0.
Results: Among 220 patients, multimodal analgesia was used in 154 (70.0%), and adequate pain control at 24 hours was achieved in 170 (77.3%). However, 164 (74.5%) experienced moderate to severe pain within the first 24 hours, and 91 (41.4%) required rescue analgesia. Moderate to severe pain declined from 143 (65.0%) at immediate recovery to 23 (10.5%) at 48 hours. Overall satisfaction was reported by 156 (70.9%) patients, with the best outcomes observed among those receiving multimodal analgesia with regional techniques.
Conclusion: Postoperative pain remained common after elective abdominal surgery, particularly in the early postoperative period. Multimodal analgesia with regional techniques was associated with better pain control, reduced rescue analgesia requirement, and higher patient satisfaction.
Postoperative pain, elective abdominal surgery, multimodal analgesia,
Farhana Yesmin1,*, Md. Shahadot Hossain Sheikh2, Md. Shahidul Islam2, Muhammad Ali Siddique2, Abu Bakar Siddique3
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 49-57 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.7
Clinical Outcomes of STARR in Obstructed Defecation Syndrome Secondary to Rectocele and Internal Rectal Prolapse
Farhana Yesmin1,*, Md. Shahadot Hossain Sheikh2, Md. Shahidul Islam2, Muhammad Ali Siddique2, Abu Bakar Siddique3
Abstract
Background: Obstructed defecation syndrome (ODS is a disabling functional anorectal disorder that has a significant impact on quality of life, mainly caused by rectocele and internal rectal prolapse. Stapled trans-anal rectal resection (STARR) is a minimally invasive trans-anal approach to address this underlying anatomical deformity. This study aimed to assess the clinical results of STARR in patients with ODS secondary to rectocele and internal rectal prolapse.
Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted at Bangladesh Medical University, Dhaka, and Ibn Sina Specialized Hospital, Dhaka, from July 2022 to July 2025, on 42 patients with ODS secondary to rectocele and/or internal rectal prolapse who underwent STARR. The Revised Modified Longo ODS Score was used to assess patients preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Operative profiles, postoperative complications, and factors associated with clinical outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Data were entered and analyzed on SPSS version 26.
Results: The mean age was 40.6 ± 14.2 years, with 69% females. Incomplete evacuation (95.2%) and straining (92.9%) were the commonest symptoms, and 71.4% had Grade III internal rectal prolapse. Mean ODS score decreased significantly from 15.2 ± 3.3 to 3.4 ± 0.9 at 6 months (P < 0.001), with 88.1% achieving a good outcome. Normal BMI, mild rectocele, Grade II/III prolapse, and absence of recurrence were associated with better outcomes.
Conclusion: STARR is an effective surgical procedure for ODS secondary to rectocele and internal rectal prolapse, with significant and lasting improvement in defecatory function. Optimizing outcomes is important and involves patient selection, especially in terms of BMI and disease severity.
Obstructed defecation syndrome, STARR, rectocele, internal rectal prolapse, ODS score
Md Sanaulla Khandakar1,*, Md Raihanul Hoque2, Viquarunnesa Sanam3, Suraia Rashid4, Tapos Kumar Roy5, Mohammad Osman Goni6, Sujan Tripura7
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 58-63 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.8
Role of Epidural Steroid Injection in Pain Reduction and Functional Recovery in Prolapsed Lumbar Intervertebral Disc (PLID)
Md Sanaulla Khandakar1,*, Md Raihanul Hoque2, Viquarunnesa Sanam3, Suraia Rashid4, Tapos Kumar Roy5, Mohammad Osman Goni6, Sujan Tripura7
Abstract
Introduction: Prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc (PLID) is a common disorder of the spinal cord with pain presenting as the most common presenting symptom and has been established as one of the leading causes of low back pain and radiculopathy. Despite conservative management remains the initial treatment modality, some patients continue to suffer symptoms that necessitate further intervention. Epidural steroid injection (ESI) has now been used as a minimally invasive treatment modality with the intent to reduce inflammation around nerve roots and to improve clinical results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of epidural steroid injection in relieving pain and function during prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc (PLID).
Methods & Materials: This prospective observational study was done in the Department of Orthopedics, Brahmanbaria Medical College Hospital, Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh. From January 2025 to December 2025, to assess the effect of epidural steroid injection (ESI) as the relief of pain and can improve functional recovery for distribution of PLID. Patients admitted with diagnosis of PLID (total 58) by a purposive sampling. The data were analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 26.0 Version.
Result: Among the 58 patients, the majority belonged to the 41–50 years age group (34.5%) with male predominance (58.6%), and L4–L5 was the most commonly affected disc level (48.3%). Following epidural steroid injection, substantial improvement was observed in both pain and functional status, with mean VAS scores decreasing from 7.8 ± 1.1 before treatment to 2.9 ± 1.2 at 3 months, and mean ODI scores improving from 62.5 ± 8.4% to 29.6 ± 6.8%. Overall, 72.4% of patients achieved good to excellent clinical outcomes, while 89.7% improved without requiring surgical intervention.
Conclusion: The research demonstrates that epidural steroid injection (ESI) is effective in managing prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc (PLID) by significantly alleviating pain and enhancing functional recovery. Initially, the mean VAS score was 7.8 ± 1.1, which progressively decreased to 2.9 ± 1.2 after three months. Similarly, the mean ODI improved from 62.5 ± 8.4% to 29.6 ± 6.8%, reflecting a notable enhancement in daily functional
Steroid injection, PLID, functional recovery, pain reduction
Antiepileptic Drug Response, Treatment Pattern, and QOLCE-55 Scores Among Children with Epilepsy
Sk. Masiur Rahman1,*, Romana Akter Happy2, Lailatunnessa3, Sk. Mahmudur Rahman4, MD Humayun Shahed5, Samsun Nahar Sumi5, Mushtab Shira Mousumi5
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 64-71 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.9
Antiepileptic Drug Response, Treatment Pattern, and QOLCE-55 Scores Among Children with Epilepsy
Sk. Masiur Rahman1,*, Romana Akter Happy2, Lailatunnessa3, Sk. Mahmudur Rahman4, MD Humayun Shahed5, Samsun Nahar Sumi5, Mushtab Shira Mousumi5
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent chronic childhood neurological conditions and has important implications for neurodevelopment, treatment adherence, and quality of life (QoL). This study aimed to assess the antiepileptic drug (AED) response, treatment pattern, and QOLCE-55 scores and associated factors in children with epilepsy among Bangladeshi children.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, from January 2023 to December 2023, on 95 children aged 6–15 years with confirmed epilepsy. Clinical and demographic information, AED treatment patterns, drug response, EEG, neuroimaging findings, and developmental history were documented. The validated QOLCE-55 instrument was used to assess the quality of life. Data were entered and analyzed on SPSS version 26.
Results: Most children were aged in the range of 6–9 years, and there was a male predominance (55.8%). The most common type of epilepsy was focal (63.2%), and 47.4% had delayed developmental milestones. Monotherapy was used in 61.1%, and 70.5% had a good response to the AED. The overall mean QOLCE-55 score was 71.6 ± 18.8, and the lowest domain score was for cognitive functioning (63.9 ± 25.6). Early age at seizure onset (P = 0.025), prolonged epilepsy duration (P = 0.040), delayed development (P = 0.001), abnormal neuroimaging (P = 0.001), polytherapy (P = 0.005), and poor AED response (P = 0.001) were significant associated factors of lower QoL.
Conclusion: Epilepsy negatively affects the quality of life of children in Bangladesh, especially in cognitive functioning. Seizure control, preference for monotherapy, and early intervention for developmental delay are important areas for improving QoL outcomes in this population.
notable enhancement in daily functional
Epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs, QOLCE-55, quality of life
Clinical Profile and Maternal Outcomes of Severe Preeclampsia: A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study
Lailatunnessa1,*, Munmun Nahid Iqbal2, Moslema Parvin3, Ashfi Laila Elora4, Taslima Begum5
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 72-78 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.10
Clinical Profile and Maternal Outcomes of Severe Preeclampsia: A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study
Lailatunnessa1,*, Munmun Nahid Iqbal2, Moslema Parvin3, Ashfi Laila Elora4, Taslima Begum5
Abstract
Background: Severe preeclampsia is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality globally, especially in resource-poor tertiary care facilities where late presentation and poor antenatal care exacerbate the risks of complications. This study aimed to describe the maternal complications and outcomes of women admitted with severe preeclampsia in a tertiary care hospital.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Khulna Medical College Hospital, Khulna, Bangladesh from January, 2025 to December, 2025, with 70 women with severe preeclampsia. Case records were used to obtain data on sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics, clinical presentation, laboratory parameters, management practices, and maternal outcomes, which were analyzed descriptively as frequencies and percentages using SPSS version 26.
Results: The majority of women (34.3%) were aged 25–29 years, 61.4% lived in rural areas, and 54.3% had irregular antenatal care. The most frequent presenting symptoms were headache (70.0%) and generalized edema (58.6%), and 45.7% of women had proteinuria of 3+ grade. 91.4% received magnesium sulfate, and 74.3% had a cesarean section. A total of 11.4% of women developed eclampsia, 10% developed HELLP syndrome, and 17.1% required admission to the ICU/HDU. The majority of participants (67.1%) recovered without significant complications, and one maternal death (1.4%) was reported.
Conclusion: Despite the fact that severe preeclampsia is associated with maternal morbidity, this is largely due to poor and irregular attendance at antenatal care. Improving antenatal surveillance, early referral, and implementation of standard management procedures could help to lower the incidence of severe maternal complications.
Severe preeclampsia, maternal outcomes, eclampsia
Md. Zahidul Kabir1,*, Md. Rakib Hasan Niloy2, Jakia Sultana3
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 79-87 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.11
Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Titanium Elastic Nailing System Surgery in Children Under Five Years
Md. Zahidul Kabir1,*, Md. Rakib Hasan Niloy2, Jakia Sultana3
Abstract
Background: Titanium elastic nailing (TEN) offers a minimally invasive solution for pediatric long-bone fractures, yet dedicated clinical outcome data specifically for children under five years of age remain scarce. This gap limits evidence-based decision-making in younger pediatric populations.
Objective: To evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes of TEN in children under five years with diaphyseal fractures.
Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 250 Bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh, from January 2024 to December 2025. The study enrolled 47 children aged 2–5 years with diaphyseal fractures treated with TEN using purposive sampling. Radiological union time, return to full weight-bearing, postoperative complications, and parent-reported functional recovery were systematically assessed over a six-month follow-up. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0.
Results: Mean age was 3.6 ± 0.9 years. Radiological union occurred at a mean of 4.8 ± 1.2 weeks, and full weight-bearing was achieved at 8.1±1.5 weeks. Excellent or good overall clinical outcomes were documented in 44 patients (93.6%), with parent satisfaction in 45 (95.7%). Mild nail irritation was noted in six cases (12.8%); no deep infections, implant failures, non-unions, or reoperations occurred.
Conclusion: The titanium elastic nailing system demonstrates excellent safety and efficacy for diaphyseal fractures in children under five. It ensures rapid radiological union, early full weight-bearing, and high parental satisfaction, with a very low complication profile.
ions.
Elastic nailing, fracture, functional outcome, pediatric, tibia, titanium
Mir Abeed Rahman1,*, Nabeel Mobarok Ali2, Soumik Barua3, Kawser Taslima Hoque Sweety4
Annals of International Medical and Dental Research (AIMDR) | Vol-12, Issue- 5 | September – October 2026 | Page: 88-98 | DOI – 10.53339/aimdr.2026.12.5.12
Clinical and Functional Outcomes of Titanium Elastic Nailing System Surgery in Children Under Five Years
Md. Zahidul Kabir1,*, Md. Rakib Hasan Niloy2, Jakia Sultana3
Abstract
Introduction: Hypodontia is commonly classified according to the number of congenitally missing teeth, yet this numerical approach may not fully reflect patient-perceived burden. Emerging evidence suggests that the anatomical location of missing teeth may be more closely aligned with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), particularly through distinct aesthetic, functional, emotional, and social pathways.
Aim of the Study: This review aimed to synthesize available evidence on the relationship between tooth location, tooth number, and OHRQoL in patients with hypodontia, and to evaluate whether location provides a more clinically meaningful framework than conventional count-based severity classification.
Methods & Materials: A PRISMA-based systematic literature review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, with supplementary manual reference searching. Studies were included if they assessed hypodontia, tooth agenesis, or related conditions alongside OHRQoL, psychosocial outcomes, self-esteem, parental perception, treatment satisfaction, tooth number, tooth location, or domain-specific quality-of-life outcomes. Findings were synthesized narratively due to heterogeneity in populations, study designs, outcome instruments, and reporting formats.
Results: Eighteen records were retained for qualitative synthesis from 2006 to 2025, including 15 core hypodontia or tooth agenesis studies and 3 supplementary contextual sources. The evidence showed that the number of missing teeth had an inconsistent association with OHRQoL. In contrast, tooth location demonstrated a more reproducible domain-specific pattern. Anterior tooth absence was more often associated with psychological discomfort, appearance concerns, emotional wellbeing, and social wellbeing, whereas posterior absence was more closely related to functional limitation and eating difficulty. Treatment studies suggested improvement in OHRQoL after orthodontic or prosthodontic rehabilitation, particularly when visible or functionally important spaces were restored.
Conclusion: Tooth location appears to be a more clinically interpretable correlate of OHRQoL in hypodontia than tooth number alone. A location-stratified framework may improve assessment, treatment prioritisation, and patient-centred care, although further prospective studies are required to confirm this approach.
Hypodontia, tooth agenesis, oral health-related quality of life, tooth location, missing teeth, OHRQoL
